3: The Final Chapter (1429-1453) Podcast By cover art

3: The Final Chapter (1429-1453)

3: The Final Chapter (1429-1453)

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 Summary: The concluding article analyzes the war's final phase, marked by French military reform, technological innovation, and the ultimate French victory. It explores how Charles VII's creation of Europe's first standing army, combined with advances in artillery, led to the systematic reconquest of English-held territories. The article concludes by examining the war's lasting impact on European political organization, military practice, and national identity.
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