
Black Wall Street
The History of the Greenwood District Before the Tulsa Race Riot
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Narrated by:
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Stephen Platt
About this listen
In the wake of the Civil War, African Americans attained freedom from chattel slavery, but continued to suffer discrimination - both legally in the form of Jim Crow laws and de facto in the continued perception among the vast majority of White Americans that African Americans were, at the very least, inferior and, at the most, a constant dangerous presence in their communities, who must be carefully controlled. In this way, Tulsa was no different than most cities in the region in the 1920s.
Overall, Tulsa in 1921 was considered a modern, vibrant city. What had fueled this remarkable growth was oil, specifically the discovery of the Glenn Pool oil field in 1905. Within five years, Tulsa had grown from a rural crossroads town in the former Indian Territory into a boom town with more than 10,000 citizens, and as word spread of the fortunes that could be made in Tulsa, people of all races poured into the city.
By 1920, the greater Tulsa area boasted a population of over 100,000. In turn, Tulsa’s residential neighborhoods were some of the most modern and stylish in the country, and the Tulsa Chamber of Commerce produced postcards and literature boasting of the virtues of life in their modern oil city. However, as a commission report about the Tulsa Riot later pointed out, “What the pamphlets and the picture postcards did not reveal was that, despite of its impressive new architecture and its increasingly urbane affectations, Tulsa was a deeply troubled town." As 1920 turned into 1921, the city would soon face a crossroads that, in the end, would change it forever. Tulsa was, in some ways, not one city, but two.
When they came to Tulsa, many Blacks settled in the Greenwood area and established a thriving commercial, cultural, and residential area. Of course, the segregation was forced on these residents, and while they had fled the worst conditions of the Jim Crow South in other areas, they were not able to escape it completely. But in one way, Tulsa was different for African Americans, as Black citizens of the city shared in the city’s wealth, albeit not as equally as their White neighbors.
The Greenwood district, a 36 square block section of northern Tulsa, was considered the wealthiest African American neighborhood in the country, called the “Black Wall Street” because of the large number of affluent and professional residents. In the 2001 final report of the Oklahoma Commission to study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, historians John Hope Franklin and Scott Ellsworth described the Greenwood area that would be all but destroyed in one of America’s most notorious riots: “In less than twenty-four hours, nearly all of Tulsa’s African American residential district - some forty square blocks in all - had been laid to waste..."
Tragically, the decades following the riot saw the memory of it recede into the background. The Tulsa Tribune did not recognize the riot in its “Fifteen Years Ago Today” or “Twenty-five Years Ago Today” features. In 1971, the Tulsa Chamber of Commerce decided to commemorate the riot, but when they read the materials gathered by Ed Wheeler about the riot, they refused to publish any of it, and the Tulsa papers also refused to run Wheeler’s story. He finally published an article in a Black magazine, Impact Magazine; but most of Tulsa’s White citizens never knew about it.
It would not be until recently that a true accounting of the riot and its damage have been conducted, and as the 100th anniversary of the massacre approaches in 2021, the city of Tulsa is still working to complete the historical record.
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Project MK-Ultra
- The History of the CIA’s Controversial Human Experimentation Program
- By: Charles River Editors
- Narrated by: Colin Fluxman
- Length: 1 hr and 31 mins
- Unabridged
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Since the early days of human warfare, which may date back to the Stone Age, combatants have sought to gain an advantage through the acquisition of secret information. With the growth of technology, a parallel advantage was sought through the application of numerous types of torture. In the 19th century, the concept of manipulation was added to military tactics, an attempt to influence the minds of assassins, double agents, and world leaders alike to act against their natures.
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Messi g with your mind
- By Ruth Valenzuela on 12-10-24
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Black Wall Street Burning
- By: B. B. Kemp
- Narrated by: Valoneecia Tolbert
- Length: 6 hrs and 35 mins
- Unabridged
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In 1899, 10-year-old Olivia Truluck’s home in Missouri is torched by the Ku Klux Klan. Olivia and her family leave the Show-me state to settle in the Greenwood District, north of Tulsa, Oklahoma. Starting with the 1905 Tulsa oil boom, both Blacks and Whites prosper, but tragedy comes with World War I, followed by the 1918 influenza epidemic.
By: B. B. Kemp
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The 1619 Project
- A New Origin Story
- By: Nikole Hannah-Jones, The New York Times Magazine, Caitlin Roper - editor, and others
- Narrated by: Nikole Hannah-Jones, Full Cast
- Length: 18 hrs and 57 mins
- Unabridged
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The New York Times Magazine’s award-winning “1619 Project” issue reframed our understanding of American history by placing slavery and its continuing legacy at the center of our national narrative. This new book substantially expands on that work, weaving together 18 essays that explore the legacy of slavery in present-day America with 36 poems and works of fiction that illuminate key moments of oppression, struggle, and resistance.
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Comprehensive and Cutting
- By Thomas Ray on 12-30-21
By: Nikole Hannah-Jones, and others
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Black Titan
- A.G. Gaston and the Making of a Black American Millionaire
- By: Carol Jenkins
- Narrated by: Susan Spain
- Length: 11 hrs and 41 mins
- Unabridged
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A.G. Gaston, the poor grandson of slaves, was born in the Deep South in 1892. Over the course of his extraordinary life, he amassed a fortune of over $130 million and a vast business empire. The story of his remarkable life is written with eloquence and grace by his niece, an Emmy¿ Award-winning journalist and her daughter, who holds degrees from Yale and Harvard.
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Black Gold = Standing Ovation
- By 2Fresh on 01-20-16
By: Carol Jenkins
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Black AF History
- The Un-Whitewashed Story of America
- By: Michael Harriot
- Narrated by: Michael Harriot
- Length: 15 hrs and 42 mins
- Unabridged
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America’s backstory is a whitewashed mythology implanted in our collective memory. It should come as no surprise that the dominant narrative of American history is blighted with errors and oversights—after all, history books were written by white men with their perspectives at the forefront. It could even be said that the devaluation and erasure of the Black experience is as American as apple pie. In Black AF History, Michael Harriot presents a more accurate version of American history.
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LOVE It!
- By KMB on 09-29-23
By: Michael Harriot
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The Mis-Education of the Negro
- By: Carter Godwin Woodson
- Narrated by: Warren Keyes
- Length: 5 hrs and 8 mins
- Unabridged
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The Mis-Education of the Negro by Carter Godwin Woodson (1933), addresses important economic and social issues that were faced by African Americans. Woodson criticises education in American schools and the emphasis on the history of the Greeks, Romans, and British. He explores the legacy of slavery and the economic situation of Blacks in the time of depression. In each chapter, he considers the results of miseducation on the church, business, politics, and leadership.
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The more things change.
- By Albert Fernandez on 11-09-21
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The Spook Who Sat by the Door
- By: Sam Greenlee, Natiki Hope Pressley
- Narrated by: Dion Graham, Natiki Hope Pressley
- Length: 6 hrs and 6 mins
- Unabridged
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Continuously available in print since 1968, this novel has become embedded in progressive anti-racist culture with wide circulation of the book and hotly debated film. A literary classic, The Spook Who Sat by the Door is a strong comment on entrenched racial inequities in the United States in the late 1960s. With its focus on the “militancy” that characterized the Black Power movement of the 1960s and 1970s, this is the story of one man’s reaction to ruling-class hypocrisy.
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The Book that Threatened the White Establishment
- By Kerr on 06-22-20
By: Sam Greenlee, and others
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Lies About Black People
- How to Combat Racist Stereotypes and Why It Matters
- By: Omekongo Dibinga PhD
- Narrated by: Omekongo Dibinga PhD
- Length: 7 hrs and 57 mins
- Unabridged
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In this honest and welcoming book, diversity and inclusion expert, professor, and award-winning speaker Dr. Omekongo Dibinga argues that we must embark on a massive undertaking to re-educate ourselves on the stereotypes that have proven harmful, and too often deadly, to the black community.
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Very interesting and eye opening
- By La'Dona on 04-10-25
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The Titans of Black History Collection: Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Dubois, Carter G. Woodson, and Sojourner Truth
- Life and Times of Frederick Douglass; Up from Slavery; The Gift of Black Folk; The Mis-Education of the Negro; and The Narrative of Sojourner Truth
- By: Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Dubois, and others
- Narrated by: Museum Audiobooks Cast
- Length: 57 hrs and 42 mins
- Unabridged
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America's Black intellectuals have made many important contributions to American intellectual life as writers, historians, educators, and social activists. Various lines of thought, which form the black intellectual traditions, emerged in the 18th and 19th centuries and continue to influence the present.
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This is a must read for generations to come!
- By Rodney E. Woodard on 01-28-22
By: Frederick Douglass, and others
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Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921
- The History of Black Wall Street, and Its Destruction in America's Worst and Most Controversial Racial Riot
- By: World Changing History
- Narrated by: Daniel Morrison
- Length: 1 hr and 18 mins
- Unabridged
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On the morning of June 1, 1921, a White mob numbering in the thousands marched across the railroad tracks dividing Black from White in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and obliterated a Black community then celebrated as one of America's most prosperous. Thirty-four square blocks of Tulsa's Greenwood community, known then as the Black Wall Street of America, were reduced to smoldering rubble.
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I heard about the Tulsa Race Massacre on PBS
- By Mark on 05-03-21
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Before the Mayflower
- A History of Black America
- By: Lerone Bennett
- Narrated by: John Ridle
- Length: 11 hrs and 43 mins
- Unabridged
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The black experience in America - starting from its origins in western Africa up to 1961 - is examined in this seminal study from a prominent African American figure. The entire historical timeline of African Americans is addressed, from the Colonial period through the civil rights upheavals of the late 1950s to 1961, the time of publication.
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Very informative, worth listening to thrice..
- By Alednam A Uonopk on 04-13-21
By: Lerone Bennett
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The Willie Lynch Letter and the Making of a Slave
- By: Willie Lynch
- Narrated by: Ronald Eastwood
- Length: 23 mins
- Unabridged
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The Willie Lynch Letter and the Making of a Slave is a study of slave making. It describes the rationale and the results of Anglo Saxon's ideas and methods of insuring the master/slave relationship. The infamous Willie Lynch letter gives both African and Caucasian students and teachers some insight, concerning the brutal and inhumane psychology behind the African slave trade.
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Sancofa
- By colin on 10-25-15
By: Willie Lynch
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Why Should White Guys Have All the Fun?
- How Reginald Lewis Created a Billion-Dollar Business Empire
- By: Reginald F. Lewis, Blair S. Walker
- Narrated by: JD Jackson, Christina Lewis
- Length: 13 hrs and 59 mins
- Unabridged
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When six-year-old Reginald Lewis overheard his grandparents discussing employment discrimination against African Americans, he asked, “Why should white guys have all the fun?" This self-assured child would grow up to become the CEO of Beatrice International and one of the most successful entrepreneurs ever. At the time of his death in 1993, his personal fortune was estimated in excess of $400 million and his vast commercial empire spanned four continents.
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Outstanding- inspiring and instructional
- By Gavin S on 09-15-20
By: Reginald F. Lewis, and others
What listeners say about Black Wall Street
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- Rodney Cameron
- 01-17-21
Had everything except the failure by the insurance
Everything else was good, but I always wondered which companies refused to help their customers.
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4 people found this helpful
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- Anonymous User
- 02-11-21
Foundational Knowledge for Racial Wealth Gap Fight
Hidden history that must be brought to light. A must read to ignite the fires of economic reform.
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2 people found this helpful
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- Iris Fernandez
- 01-22-23
Informative
It goes into great detail about the surrounding actions that lead up to the event and what happened after the event. Short but quite informative.
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- Jami
- 06-08-21
Short but informative
This was a short but informative audiobook about the Greenwood area before the Tulsa massacre. I knew none of this, and enjoyed learning about it. This provides an overview and not a lot of detail, and it makes me want to learn more.
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1 person found this helpful
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- Normand D. Beasley II
- 05-18-22
I think every black person needs to hear this.
A great short listen that gave a it's a impact full representation of what blacks went through and where they came up out of the rubble to build something phenomenal.
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1 person found this helpful
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- Byron
- 09-13-21
young black veteran
I wanted more. loved it made me feel inspired and proud. but also sad and angry. but I wanted more!!
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- Cindy Land
- 06-12-21
Surprised to Learn
There really was a Black Wall Street? This book does a great job in describing what was the Black Wallstreet and where did it go?
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- Anonymous User
- 02-18-25
History lesson
Great information to give insight on the efforts of black excellence when racial hate was at its highest form and displays the destruction nature of a culture of people non black the could not handle success without inclusion
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- ERNESTINE KELLY
- 09-27-21
Very enlightening and educational!!
I loved it! The story of Black Wall Street is very intriguing and this book really details and outlines the story very eloquently!
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- Amazon Customer
- 02-15-22
Eye opening, Makes someone do further rese
Further research, Mind boggling. To actually visit these places to feel and see past and present socities
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